Lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, yofupikitsidwa ngati LN) ndi galasi lopanga zinthu zambiri komanso lamitundu yambiri. amene imaphatikizanso ma electro-optic, acousto-optic, zotanuka-optic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, photorefractive effect ndi zina zakuthupi. LN crystal ndi ya trigonal crystal system, yomwe ili ndi gawo la ferroelectric kutentha kwa firiji, 3m point group, ndi R3c mlengalenga gulu. Mu 1949, Matthias ndi Remeika adapanga kristalo wa LN imodzi, ndipo mu 1965 Ballman adakula bwino LN crystal yayikulu.

In 1970s LN cma rystals anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ma electro-optic Q-switches. LN makhiristo ndi ubwino wopanda deliquescent, otsika theka-wave voteji, lateral kusinthasintha, zosavuta kupanga maelekitirodi, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza, etc., koma sachedwa kusintha photorefractive ndi kukhala otsika laser zotchinga kuwonongeka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuvutika kokonzekera makhiristo apamwamba kwambiri kumabweretsa khalidwe losagwirizana la kristalo. Kwa nthawi yayitali,Makristasi a LN ali ndi adangogwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono kapena Sing'anga mphamvu 1064 nm laser machitidwe.

Kuti athetse vutoli vuto la Photorefractive zotsatira, ntchito yambiris have zachitika. Chifukwa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri LN crystalimapangidwa ndi chiŵerengero cha eutectic chofanana za cholimba-zamadzimadzi boma, tapa pali zolakwika monga lithiamu vacancies ndi anti-niobium mu crystal. Ndikosavuta kusintha mawonekedwe a kristalo posintha kapangidwe kake ndi doping. Mu 1980,izo’s adapeza kuti makhiristo a doping LN okhala ndi magnesium opitilira 4.6 mol%.s ndi kukana kuwonongeka kwa zithunzi mopitilira dongosolo limodzi la kukula. Makristalo ena a anti-photorefractive doped LN apangidwanso, monga zinc-doped, scandium-doped, indium-doped, hafnium-doped, zirconium-doped., ndi zina. Chifukwa doped LN ili ndi mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino, ndipo ubale pakati pa photorefraction ndi laser kuwonongeka ndi kusowa kafukufuku, zatero sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.

Kuthetsa mavuto omwe alipo pakukula kwa makristasi a LN okhala ndi mainchesi akulu, apamwamba kwambiri, ofufuza adapanga makina owongolera makompyuta mu 2004, omwe adathetsa vuto la kusakhazikika kwakukulu pakuwongolera kukula kwakukulu. LN. Mulingo waulamuliro wofananira wakula bwino kwambiri, womwe umagonjetsa kusintha kwadzidzidzi m'mimba mwake chifukwa cha kusawongolera bwino kwa kukula kwa kristalo, ndikuwongolera kwambiri mawonekedwe a kristalo. Kufanana kwa kuwala kwa 3 inch LN crystal ndi yabwino kuposa 3 × 10⁻⁵ cm⁻¹.

Mu 2010, wofufuzas ananena kuti kupsinjika mu kristalo wa LN ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha kusakhazikika kwa kutentha kwa LN electro-optical Q-switch. Pamaziko a kompyuta-olamulidwa ukadaulo wofananira m'mimba mwake kuti ukule kristalo wapamwamba kwambiri wa LN, njira yapadera yochizira kutentha imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa zotsalira zopanda kanthu. Mu 2013,wina anaganiza kuti, monga kupsinjika kwamkati, kupsinjika kwakunja kwa clamping ali yemweyo zotsatira pa tKukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa electro-optic Q-switching application ya LN crystal. Iwo anatukuka ndi ukadaulo wophatikizira zotanuka kuti mugonjetse vuto la kupsinjika kwakunja komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kulimba kwachikhalidwe, ndi njira iyi yakwezedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mndandanda wa 1064 nm wa lasers.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa LN kristalo ali lonse bandi yotumizira kuwala komanso mphamvu yayikulu yamagetsi yamagetsi, imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina apakati a infrared waveband laser, monga 2 μm. ndi 2.28mm.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale ntchito zambiris have zachitika pa LN makhiristo, padakali kusowa mwadongosolo kafukufuku LN’s infrared photorefractive properties, intrinsic laser damage threshold, and the influence mechanism of doping on the shold damage. Kugwiritsa ntchito electro-optical Q-switchingZithunzi za LN crystal zabweretsa chisokonezo chachikulu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mapangidwe a makristasi a LN ndi ovuta, ndipo mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zolakwika ndizochuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosiyana.ce zopangidwa ndi ng'anjo zosiyanasiyana, magulu osiyanasiyana, komanso magawo osiyanasiyana ofanana chidutswa cha kristalo. Pakhoza kukhala kusiyana kwakukulu mu khalidwe la makhiristo. Ndikovuta kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a zida za electro-optic Q-switched, zomwe zimalepheretsanso kugwiritsa ntchito electro-optic Q-switching ya makhiristo a LN mpaka pamlingo wina.

Maselo apamwamba a LN Pockels opangidwa ndi WISOPTIC